Reconnaissance de l'écriture manuscrite hors-ligne par reconstruction de l'ordre du tracé

La reconnaissance hors-ligne de l'écriture manuscrite consiste à interpréter ce qui a été écrit dans un document scanné. Cette technique est utilisée par exemple pour trier automatiquement le courrier. La reconnaissance en-ligne de l'écriture manuscrite consiste à interpréter une écriture représentée par la trajectoire du stylo. Cette technique est utilisée notamment dans les agendas électroniques. Les taux de reconnaissance sont meilleurs pour la reconnaissance en-ligne car les informations temporelles sont absentes des images. Retrouver l'ordre du tracé permettrait de traiter un document hors-ligne avec un reconnaisseur en-ligne et peut- être d'améliorer les résultats de la reconnaissance horsligne. Ce papier présente une approche originale de reconnaissance d'écriture hors-ligne, qui consiste à injecter des connaissances a priori sur l'écriture manuscrite pour reconstruire un signal en-ligne équivalent à l'image. Un certain nombre de connaissances sur l'écriture manuscrite utilisables pour retrouver l'ordre du tracé y sont analysées. Il s'agit de déterminer quelles connaissances peuvent être exploitées, comment les injecter et quelle est leur fiabilité. Ces premiers travaux ont été testés sur des lettres isolées et utilisés pour l'indexation automatique de documents

What Knowledge about Handwritten Letters can be Used to Recover their Drawing Order ?

http://www.suvisoft.comA way to do off-line handwriting recognition is to generate an equivalent on-line signal of a letter image and to use an on-line recognition system to recognize this letter. To do this, the drawing order has to be recovered using handwriting knowledge. Our approach to recover the drawing order consists in proposing several starting and ending points. Several paths are generated and the best one is chosen. This paper presents the handwriting knowledge introduced at several steps of our method and its contribution for the recognition process. Experimentations have been carried out on isolated lower case multistroke letters from a database including both on-line and off-line signals. An on-line system has been used to recognize these letters

CRISPR Typing and Subtyping for Improved Laboratory Surveillance of Salmonella Infections

Laboratory surveillance systems for salmonellosis should ideally be based on the rapid serotyping and subtyping of isolates. However, current typing methods are limited in both speed and precision. Using 783 strains and isolates belonging to 130 serotypes, we show here that a new family of DNA repeats named CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is highly polymorphic in Salmonella. We found that CRISPR polymorphism was strongly correlated with both serotype and multilocus sequence type. Furthermore, spacer microevolution discriminated between subtypes within prevalent serotypes, making it possible to carry out typing and subtyping in a single step. We developed a high-throughput subtyping assay for the most prevalent serotype, Typhimurium. An open web-accessible database was set up, providing a serotype/spacer dictionary and an international tool for strain tracking based on this innovative, powerful typing and subtyping tool

Blood libel rebooted : traditional scapegoats, online media, and the H1N1 epidemic

This study of comments posted on major French print and TV media websites during the H1N1 epidemic illustrates the relationship between the traditional media and social media in responding to an emerging disease. A disturbing "geography of blame" was observed suggesting the metamorphosis of the folk-devil phenomenon to the Internet. We discovered a subterranean discourse about the putative origins and "objectives" of the H1N1 virus, which was absent from the discussions in mainstream television channels and large-circulation print media. These online rumours attributed hidden motives to governments, pharmaceutical companies, and figures of Otherness that were scapegoated in the social history of previous European epidemics, notably Freemasons and Jews

Inhibitory effects of polypeptides secreted by the grapevine pathogens Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum on plant cell activities

International audienceEsca is a devastating disease affecting grapevines all around the world induced by a complex of xylem-inhabiting fungi. In order to elucidate the mechanisms of virulence of the esca-associated fungi Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (Pch) and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum (Pal), the phytotoxic activities of the polypeptides secreted in their culture medium were investigated. Both polypeptide fractions (PFs), which are composed of proteins with an apparent molecular mass ranging from 6 to 250 kDa, triggered the death of grapevine 41BT cells in culture and induced transitory H+ flux modifications and membrane depolarization of cells. Complementary assays with plasma membrane vesicles showed that the H+-ATPase is targeted by these polypeptides, as shown by the inhibition of the enzyme catalytic activity and the decrease of proton conductance of plasma membrane. Due to this impairment, an inhibition of uptake of assimilates occurred. Furthermore, PFs also induced the activation of the plant secondary metabolism as indicated by induction of the anthocyanin synthesis. In addition, PFs acted on key enzyme reactions known to participate to the elicitation process, namely NADPH oxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). Considering the differential effect of the PF secreted respectively by Pch and Pal on the latter enzymes, it could be hypothesized that the toxic polypeptides of the two fungi modify the plant cell metabolism by different pathways, hence indicating that the proteinaceous compounds secreted by both esca-associated fungi Pch and Pal may act as virulence factors

Les rumeurs du blâme en temps d'épidémie

Les Entretiens d'Auxerre, Auxerre, FRA,

Les rumeurs du blâme en temps d'épidémie

Les Entretiens d'Auxerre, Auxerre, FRA,

Ebola and Localized Blame on Social Media: Analysis of Twitter and Facebook Conversations During the 2014–2015 Ebola Epidemic

International audienc

Ebola and localized blame on social media : analysis of Twitter and Facebook conversations during the 2014&8211;2015 Ebola epidemic

This study aimed to analyze main groups accused on social media of causing or spreading the 2014 - 2016 Ebola epidemic in West Africa. In this analysis, blame is construed as a vehicle of meaning through which the lay public makes sense of an epidemic, and through which certain classes of people become "figures of blame". Data was collected from Twitter and Facebook using key word extraction, then categorized thematically. Our findings indicate an overall proximate blame tendency: blame was typically cast on "near-by" figures, namely national governments, and less so on "distant" figures, such as generalized figures of otherness ("Africans", global health authorities, global elites). Our results also suggest an evolution of online blame. In the early stage of the epidemic, blame directed at the affected populations was more prominent. However, during the peak of the outbreak, the increasingly perceived threat of inter-continental spread was accompanied by a progressively proximal blame tendency, directed at figures with whom the social media users had pre-existing biopolitical frustrations. Our study proposes that pro-active and on-going analysis of blame circulating in social media can usefully help to guide communications strategies, making them more responsive to public perceptions